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CHECKLIST OF AMANITA FOUND IN
SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

PROVISIONAL - 14.ix.2007 - PROVISIONAL

Compilation and Text by
Rodham E. Tulloss1 and Lindsay Possiel
1P. O. Box 57, Roosevelt, New Jersey 08555-0057, USA
contact

Photographs of indigenous African species by David Arora
 Photographs of European species by R. E. Tulloss
Photograph of A. marmorata (Oahu, Hawaii, USA) by Jon Dale.

[As is the case for the Amanita Studies site in general, good photographs accompanied by well-dried and well-annotated material are always welcome and will serve to improve this page.  The addresses of the editors (to whom such images and documented exsiccata may be sent) appear on the Amanita Studies home page.]

This checklist includes taxa claimed for Africa. A few may well be misidentified as European taxa, although some European species have definitely been introduced. There are probably a few taxonomic synonyms listed separately. Some "taxa" are listed as excluded for diverse reasons.  Despite these caveats, it is reasonable to suspect that the number of taxa in Amanita from Africa including the Malagasay Republic will eventually be demonstrated to exceed 100, perhaps considerably.

Species described from or known from central Africa are presented in bold faced type.

Sixteen taxa demonstrated, or suspected, to be present in Zambia or Zimbabwe due to dried specimens and photographs sent to me by David Arora since 1999 are indicated by having the country name printed in blue.  When a taxon’s presence is confirmed microscopically based on the new collections, the blue entry is underlined.

For a given species, an asterisk (*) marks the country containing the type locality. A bold, italic, red question mark (?) indicates missing or doubtful data. A bullet (•) before a list entry indicates that RET has reviewed one or more regional collections of that taxon personally.  [ B ] provides a link from each taxon's list of references to this page's bibliography.

Note on the development of reliable data on spore size and shape and its presentation: Spore measurements in Beeli’s publications are not reliable for the most part. Often, but not always, the Beeli numbers are too low—by as much as 20% or more. Measuring Gilbert’s drawings of spores from the original collections of Goossens (in [GIL41]) gives a more reliable feeling for size and shape, although the sample sizes of Gilbert are small at best. For species in section Lepidella, the best available data continues to be that in [BAS69]. In this checklist, updates on spore data are provided for all species examined by RET.  RET measures spores in lateral view -- so that the adaxial flattening and apiculus are clearly in view and in focus.  Also both ends of the spore must be in focus for a measurement to be made.  For every specimen from which spores are examined, the average length (L) and the average width (W) are computed and reported.  The length/width ratio (Q) for every spore is computed and reported.  For every individual specimen, an average Q is computed (Q) and reported.  As a standard process step, L/W is computed and compared to Q as a check on computations.  [The two values will not always be precisely equal due to rounding; however, they will be very similar especially for less elongated spores.]  For each species examined, the overall average of length, width, and Q for all spores measured is computed and reported (L', W', and Q').

Location of types and other collections:  Herbarium name codes in this paragraph follow Holmgren et al. (?).  Material collected or utilized by Patouillard, Bouriquet, and Buyck in the Malagasay Republic is to be found in P (PC), at least in part.  The parts of these collections, particularly some holotypes, were in the Malagasy Republic Herbarium (TAN), but have been destroyed by fire. Material of Beeli, Goossens, Heinemann, Verbeken, and Walleyn  is in BR.  Gilbert's herbarium is presumed lost; however, duplicates of Gilbert's material may be deposited in other herbaria around the world.  Collections reported upon by Reid, Pegler, Shah-Smith, and Pearson are often to be found in K, at least in part.  Material upon which reports were written by Harkonen et al. are to be found in H.  Material on which Bas reported is often in L, at least in part.  David Arora's collections can be found in SFSU and the private herbarium of RET.  Use the "contact" link 
[ top ] to ask RET about specific material utilized in preparation of this document.

Acknowledgment: We are very grateful to Mr. David Arora for his permission to use his beautiful photographs of collections from Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Intra-document links to sections of the genus:

Section Amanita
Section Vaginatae
Section Amidella
Section Lepidella
Section Phalloides
Section Validae

Other useful intra-document links:

Taxa excluded or not yet categorized by section
Bibliography (incomplete)

Start of List

Subgenus Amanita -- Spores amyloid. [ top ]

Section Amanita -- Stipe off-center upward in button stage of development (usually with a bulbous base, at least when young. Curiously, only three indigenous taxa of this section are known to occur in central and southern Africa. [ top ] [ full site list for sect. Amanita ]

• bingensis (Beeli) R. Heim [including sensu R. Heim] [BEE31] [HEIM40] [GIL41] [MOR87] [RAW93] [ B ] (Congo*, Malawi?, Zambia.)  Looks like a species of the "A. ceciliae group," but has a bulbous stipe base and a volva very like that of A. rubrovolvata S. Imai or A. farinosa Schwein. Illustration in [MOR87] is mislabeled ( see A. hemibapha sensu Morris); the description provided is of an annulate species.
Spores [BEE31]: 5 - 6 × 3 - 4.5 µm; est. Q’ = 1.45.
Spores of type [from illustration in GIL41]: [4/1/1] 6.5 - 8 × 5 - 6.5 µm; Q = 1.30.
 Spores [from D. Arora’s mat’l.]: [60/3/2] (7.3-) 7.5 - 9.8 (-11.0) × (4.5-) 5.1 - 6.5 (-7.6) µm, (L = 8.3 - 8.9 µm; L’ = 8.6 µm; W = 5.4 - 6.2 µm; W’ = 5.8 µm; Q = (1.22-) 1.25 - 1.80 (-1.83); Q = 1.34 - 1.64; Q’ = 1.48).

• muscaria (L. : Fr.) Lam. var. muscaria [BER65] [MOR87] [MycRes:91] [SK53] [HSM94] [RYV94] [PSS97] [ B ] (Europe*, Congo, Malawi, Morocco, South Africa ("introduced"), Tanzania ("introduced"), Zambia ("might be introduced"), Zimbabwe (probably introduced).)  RET has reviewed and confirmed the determination of Tanzanian material.
Spores [from European, Asian, African, S. American, and Alaskan mat’l.]: [435/22/18] (7.4-) 8.5 - 11.5 (-13.1) × (5.6-) 6.5 - 8.5 (-9.8) µm, (L = (8.7-) 9.1 - 11.2 (-11.4) µm; L’ = 10.0 µm; W = (6.5-) 6.9 - 8.1 (-8.2) µm; W’ = 7.50 µm; Q = (1.11-) 1.21 - 1.47 (-1.75) µm; Q = 1.26 - 1.41 (-1.42) µm; Q’ = 1.34).





• pantherina (DC.:Fr.) Krombh. [BER65] [MycRes:91] [ B ] (Europe*, Morocco, South Africa ("introduced") )
Spores [from European mat’l.]: [260/13/6] (7.5-) 9.0 - 12.0 (-14.0) × (5.2-) 6.2 - 8.2 (-9.8) µm, (L = 9.6 - 11.2 (-11.3) µm; L’ = 10.3 µm; W = 6.7 - 7.7 (-8.0) µm; W’ = 7.2 µm; Q = (1.20-) 1.28 - 1.62 (-1.77); Q = 1.32 - 1.51 (-1.61); Q’ = 1.42).






pulverotecta Bas [BAS82] [ B ] (Malawi*.)  This species has a powdery volva similar to that of A. bingenis, above.  However, the bright pigments of the latter species are lacking.
Spores [BAS82]: (10.6-) 10.9 - 12.8 (-14.8) × 5.7 - 7.4 µm, (Q = 1.6 - 2.0; Q = 1.75).

rhodophylla Beeli [BEE31] [GIL41] [RAW93] [ B ] (Congo*, Malawi.)  Annulate. This could be a species analogous to the strongly limbate to volvate species of Latin America that have bulbous stipes and, hence, belong in section Amanita.
Spores [BEE31]: 4 - 6 µm diam.
Spores of type [from illustration in GIL41]: [1/1/1] 8.1 × 7.2 µm, (Q = 1.13).

[ top of current section -- Amanita ]

Section Vaginatae -- Stipe totally elongating (with no basal bulb, do not confuse cupulate volval remains with a basal bulb) [ top ] [ full site list for sect. Vaginatae ]

annulatovaginata Beeli var. annulatovaginata [BEE27] [BEE31] [BUY94] [GIL41] [ B ] (Burundi, Congo*.) 
According to Gilbert, =var. atra Beeli.  [Spores of type [GIL41]: [5/1/1] 9.8 - 11 × 6.2 - 7.6 µm; Q = 1.46 - 1.60; Q = 1.52.] and =var. amethystina Beeli.  [Spores [BEE31]: 8 - 10 × 6 - 8 µm; est. Q = 1.3.]
Spores of type [GIL41]: [4/1/1] 11 - 13.9 × 6.5 - 9.9 µm; Q = 1.40 - 1.77; Q = 1.60.

annulatovaginata var. citrina Beeli [BEE31] [GIL41] [ B ] (Congo*.) 
Spores of type [GIL41]: [2/1/1] 12.3 - 12.9 × 7.8 - 8.3 µm; Q = 1.48 - 1.65; Q = 1.57.

argentea sensu Berthet & Boidin [BerBoi66] [TUL94] [ B ] (Cameroon.) (Possibly not correctly determined. Material was sent to Huijsman and may be in L.
Spores [from RET study of type of A. argentea Huijsman and other European mat’l.]: [200/9/8] (9.1-) 10.0 - 13.5 (-17.7) × (6.4-) 7.5 - 10.6 (-13.6) µm, (L = (10.8-) 11.1 - 12.6 µm; L’ = 11.5 µm; W = (8.1-) 8.4 - 9.8 µm; W’ = 8.8 µm; Q = (1.04-) 1.14 - 1.51 (-1.81); Q = (1.21-) 1.27 - 1.39; Q’ = 1.32).

aurea (Beeli) E. J. Gilbert [BEE31] [GIL41] [Kew6] [RAW93] [RYV94] [PSS97] [ B ] (Congo*, Uganda, Zambia.)  Extremely small spores.
Spores [BEE31]: 4 - 5 µm diam.
Spores of type [from illustration in GIL41]: [3/1/1] 5 - 6 × 4.5 - 5.2 µm, (Q = 1.01 - 1.10; Q = 1.06).

• calopus (Beeli) E. J. Gilbert [BEE31] [GIL41] [RAW93] [PSS97] [ B ] (Congo*, Malawi, Zambia.) 
Spores [BEE31]: 10 - 14 × 6 - 8 µm; est. Q’ = 1.7.
Spores [GIL41]: [3/1/1] 13 - 13.5 × 7 - 8.5 µm; Q = 1.65.
 Spores [from D. Arora’s mat’l.]: [20/1/1] 7.8 - 13.6 (-15.1) × (5.5-) 6.0 - 8.8 (-9.0) µm, (L = 11.7 µm; W = 7.7 µm; Q = (1.30-) 1.39 - 1.65 (-1.78); Q = 1.53).




elegans Beeli [BEE31] [GIL41] [PSS97]  [ B ] (Congo*, Zambia.)  With fragile annulus. Spores [BEE31]: 7 - 8 µm diam.
Spores [PSS97]: 7.5 - 9 × 6.5 - 8 µm, (L’ = 8.5±0.55 µm; W’ = 7.3±0.38 µm; Q’ = 1.17).
Spores [GIL41]: [2/1/1] 7.0 - 8 (-9) × 6 - 6.8 (-8.5) µm, (Q = 1.17 - 1.18; Q = 1.18).

• flammeola Pegler & Piearce [PP80] [RAW93] [RYV94] [PSS97] [ B ]  (Malawi?, Zambia*.) Yellow-orange at first, becoming quite pale in age or after exposure; pileus with pronounced umbo; stipe exannulate. Spores said to be very pale salmon in mass.
Spores [PP80]: 12.5 - 16.5 × 6.8 - 8.5 µm; Q = 1.95.
Spores [from type study]: [40/2/1] (8.6-) 10.5 - 13.3 (-15.4) × (5.7-) 6.3 - 7.7 (-9.0) µm, (L = 11.5 - 11.6 µm; L’ = 11.5 µm; W = 6.8 - 6.9 µm; W’ = 6.9 µm; Q = (1.39-) 1.54 - 1.86 (-2.03); Q = 1.67 - 1.69; Q’ = 1.68).

fulva sensu auct. afric. [RAW83] [ B ] (Malawi.)  Probably not correctly determined as A. fulva (Schaeff.) Fr.
Spores [from European mat’l.]: [300/13/10] (9.0-) 10.0 - 12.5 (-19.3) × (8.2-) 9.3 - 12.0 (-15.5) µm, (L = 10.6 - 12.0 (-12.3) µm; L’ = 11.2 µm; W = 9.8 - 11.4 (-11.6) µm; W’ = 10.6 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.11 (-1.25); Q = 1.05 - 1.08 (-1.09); Q’ = 1.06).

hemibapha sensu Morris [MOR87] [RAW93] [ B ] (Malawi.)  Looks like an orange-brown caesarea; see A. mafingensis; illus. in MOR87 is labeled in error "A. bingensis." (Spores: ?.)

hovae Bouriquet [BOU42] [RAW93] [ B ] (Malagasay*.)  Poorly known, could be properly placed in sect. Amanita if it has a truly bulbous stipe base. Cap red with short marginal striations. Volva entirely left at stipe base with fairly large membranous limbs. Cross-sectional drawing in [BOU42] does not show the stipe and volva as separate structures—suggesting that the volva is limbate on a basal bulb. Annulus is drawn is a few fibrils, and Bouriquet calls the species exannulate. It could be related to A. pudica or A. robusta (see below); or it could be a species imported with the Eucalyptus under which it was found. Spores: 7 - 10 × 5.5 - 7 µm; approx. Q’ = 1.35.

infusca E. J. Gilbert ex Singer [GIL41] [SIN51] [PSS97] [ B ] (=A. umbrina Beeli non Pers.) (Congo*, Zambia.)  Annulate. 
Spores [GIL41]: [4/1/1] 9.1 - 10.0 × 6.4 - 7.3 µm, (Q = 1.30 - 1.51; Q = 1.40). 
Spores [PSS97]: 10 - 13 × 6.5 - 9 µm, (L = 11.2±0.8 µm; W = 7.4±0.8 µm; Q = 1.50).

loosii Beeli [BEE36] [GIL41] [PRT77] [RAW93] [WallVerb98a] [ B ] (Congo*.)  See discussion under A. zambiana, below. Pileus snow white becoming milk white with chamois disc. Annulate.
Spores from lectotype [WallVerb98a]: [10/1/1] 10.1 - 12.5 × 7.4 - 10.7 µm; est. Q’ = 1.25.

luteoflava Beeli [BEE31] [GIL41] [ B ] (Congo*.)  With thin, fragile, superior annulus.
Spores [BEE31]: 7 - 8 µm diam.
Spores of type [from illustration of GIL41] (none correctly oriented): 10.5 - 13.5 × 9.4 - 12.8 µm.

• mafingensis Härk. & Saarim. in Härk., Saarim. & Mwasumbi [HSM94] [PSS97] [ B ] (Tanzania*, Zambia.) Annulate.  Amanita  stirps Hemibapha.
Spores [HSM94]: 9.5 - 13 × 5.5 - 8.5 µm, (L’ = 10.6 µm; W’ = 6.9 µm; Q = 1.44 - 1.66; Q’ = 1.53).
Spores [from isotype in H]: [20/1/1] 10.5 - 12.7 (-15.8) × (6.8-) 7.1 - 8.9 (-10.5) µm, (L = 11.6 µm; L’ = 11.6 µm; W = 7.8 µm; W’ = 7.8 µm; Q = (1.34-) 1.35 - 1.61 (-1.64); Q = 1.49; Q’ = 1.49).

• masasiensis Härk. & Saarim. in Härk., Saarim. & Mwasumbi [HSM94] [ B ] (Tanzania*.) Annulate. Amanita stirps Hemibapha.
Spores [HSM94]: 8.5 - 12 × 6 - 9 µm, (L’ = 10.0 µm; W’ = 6.3 µm; Q = 1.20 - 1.50; Q’ = 1.36.)
Spores [including those from isotype (H)]: [40/2/2] (8.5-) 8.6 - 10.8 (-12.1) × (5.5-) 6.0 - 7.0 (-9.0) µm, (L = 9.6 - 9.8 µm; L’ = 9.7 µm; W = 6.3 - 6.6 µm; W’ = 6.4 µm; Q = (1.35-) 1.37 - 1.66 (-1.87); Q = 1.47 - 1.56; Q’ = 1.51).

 

pudica (Beeli) E. J. Gilbert [BEE36] [GIL41a] [BUY94] [WAL96]    [ B ] (Burundi, Congo*, Zambia, Zimbabwe.)  Exannulate.  A gorgeous pink species!
Spores [WAL96]: (7.0-) 8.2 - 10.9 (-11.3) × (4.9-) 5.5 - 7.9 µm, (Q = 1.42 - 1.49).


robusta Beeli [BEE31] [GIL41] [RAW93] [HSM94] [ B ] (Congo*, Malawi.) With fibrillose annulus.
Spores [BEE31]: 7 - 8 × 5 - 6 µm; est. Q’ = 1.35.
Spores of type [from illustrations of GIL41]: [2/1/1] 8.6 - 9.6 (-10.2) × 6.4 - 7.4 (-8.2) µm, (Q = 1.30 - 1.34; Q = 1.32).

strobilaceovolvata Beeli [BEE35] [BUY94] [GIL41] [PSS97] [ B ] (Burundi, Congo*, Zambia.) (=A. fibrilosa (Beeli) E. J. Gilbert fide E. J. Gilbert [GIL41]. Pileus with distinct umbo, brown, with marginal striations occupying more than 50% of radius; stipe annulate.
Spores [BEE31]: 6 - 7 µm diam.
Spores of both types [GIL41]: [4/2/2] 9.3 - 11.3 × 8.1 - 9.5 (-9.9) µm.

tainaomby Heim ex E. J. Gilbert [HEM36] [GIL41] [ B ] (Malagasay*.) Poorly known. Supposedly associated with cattle and their excrement. The fact that the species is supposedly poisonous suggests it is misplaced in this section; however, this may be false folk lore. The margin is intensely striate, the distribution of volval material could suggest the "A. ceciliae group." Heim made no mention of a basal bulb. The type bore no mature spores according to Gilbert (1941). Type lost with Gilbert’s herbarium.
Spores [GIL41]: 9.5 - 10.5 × 8.5 - 10 µm; est Q’ = 1.07.

• tanzanica Härk. & Saarim. in Härk., Saarim. & Mwasumbi [HSM94] [ B ] (Tanzania*.)  Annulate.
Spores [from type isotype (H)]: [40/1/1] (8.5-) 9.0 - 11.4 (-12.6) × (5.0-) 5.5 - 6.7 (-7.8) µm, (L = 10.4 µm; W’ = 6.0 µm; Q = (1.42-) 1.50 - 1.93 (-2.02); Q = 1.72).

vaginata sensu auct. afric. [BER65] [Kew6] [RAW93] [ B ] (Morocco, Malawi, Tanzania.)  Very unlikely to be the European species -- A. vaginata (Bull:Fr.) Vitt.; and may include more than one taxon.
Spores [European mat’l.]: [37/2/1] (8.5-) 9.3 - 13.6 (-16.5) × (6.5-) 8.0 - 11.5 (-14.0) µm, (L = 10.9 - 11.3 µm; L’ = 11.1 µm; W = 10.0 - 10.1 µm; W’ = 10.0 µm; Q = (1.02-) 1.05 - 1.18 (-1.31); Q = 1.10 - 1.12; Q’ = 1.11).

• zambiana Pegler & Piearce [BUY94] [PP80] [PSS97] [RAW93] [RYV94] [WallVerb98a]     [ B ] (Congo, Malawi, Zambia*, Zimbabwe.)  Pileus suggests A. caesarea, with short marginal striation, becoming white with olive-brown disc; volva breaking up into polygonal plaques, becomes quite dark on exterior with age. Buyck as well as Walleyn and Verbeken feel this is a posterior synonym of A. loosii. My only reservations are that the latter species is described (1) as snow white at first and milk white with a chamois disc in age, (2) as having a volva the surface of which is simply described as brownish and is not illustrated as breaking up into polygonal plaques.
Spores [including from my type study]: [140/6/3] (9.9-) 10.0 - 13.5 (-21.0) × (7.0-) 7.8 - 10.8 (-12.5) µm, (L = 10.8 - 12.3 (-13.0) µm; L’ = 11.6 µm; W = 8.2 - 9.5 (-10.5) µm; W’ = 9.1 µm; Q = (1.09-) 1.13 - 1.53 (-1.91); Q = 1.19 - 1.30 (-1.41); Q’ = 1.29).

[ top of current section -- Vaginatae ]

Subgenus Lepidella -- Spores amyloid. [ top ]

Section Amidella -- Margin striate, appendiculate at first, stipe base enclosed by often thick volva. [ top ] [ full site list for sect. Amidella ]

floccosolivida Beeli [BEE31] [BEE35] [ B ] (Congo*) 
Spores [BEE35]: 5 × 3 µm; est. Q’ = 1.65.

fulvopulverulenta Beeli [BEE31] [BUY94] [GIL41] [ B ] (Burundi, Congo*.)
Spores [BEE31]: 7 - 8 × 4 µm; est. Q’ = 1.9.
Spores of type [from illustrations of GIL41]: [7/1/1] 7.9 - 11.3 × 3.7 - 5.2, (Q =1.82 - 2.23; Q = 2.05). 

fulvosquamulosa Beeli [BEE27] [GIL41] [ B ] (Congo*.)  Gilbert believed this to be synonymous with A. goossensiae. They do seem strikingly similar, and his argument that one collection comprises young material while the other comprises old basidiocarps seems a reasonable one.
Spores [BEE31]: 9 - 10 × 5 - 6 µm; est. Q’ = 1.7.
Spores [GIL41]: [7/1/1] 8.0 - 10.7 × 4.4 - 5.7 µm, (Q = 1.74 - 2.43; Q = 1.92). 

• goossensiae Beeli [BEE27] [GIL41] [RAW93] [ B ] (Congo*, Malawi, Zambia.) Arora 01-580 was collected immature and without a bulb; and, probably as a consequence, the spores seem stressed ([20/ 1/1] (7.0-) 7.5 - 10.5 (-11.6) × (3.8-) 4.1 - 5.0 (-5.1) µm). These spores match rather well with those of the goossensiae-fulvosquamulosa pair. Gilbert [GIL41] warns that the species exhibits "polymorphism" to a great degree. In young material the pileus is orangish and darkens to reddish brown with exposure; and the thin white patches of the universal veil’s inner surface are randomly, but rather densely, distributed over the pileus. The pileus margin is markedly appendiculate. Some young specimens show a weakly formed partial veil that is ephemeral. The volva may enclose as much as half of the stipe.
Spores [BEE27]: 8 - 10 × 5.5 - 6 µm; est. Q’ = 1.55.
Spores including those from type[GIL41]: [13/2/2] 9.0 - 10.3 × 4.1 - 6.2 µm, (Q = 1.48 - 2.24;Q = 1.78).
Spores [from D. Arora’s mat’l.]: [60/3/2] (7.0-) 9.3 - 13.9 (-14.5) × (3.8-) 4.1 - 4.9 (-5.1) µm, (L = 9.6 - 12.7 µm; L’ = 11.4 µm; W = 4.4 - 4.5 µm; W’ = 4.5 µm; Q = 2.62 - 3.11 (-3.12); Q = 2.11 - 2.84; Q’ = 2.56).)

• irreperta E. J. Gilbert nom. prov. [GIL41] [ B ] (Malagasay.) 
Spores [from representative specimen reviewed by Gilbert]: [35/1/1] (7.6-) 8.0 - 10.3 (-11.2) × (4.7-) 4.8 - 6.4 (-6.8) µm, (L = 9.3 µm; L’ = 9.3 µm; W = 5.6 µm; W’ = 5.6 µm; Q = (1.43-) 1.45 - 1.81 (-2.19); Q = 1.66; Q’ = 1.66).

olivacea Beeli [BEE31] [GIL41] [ B ] (Congo*, Zambia.)  Pileus bears powdery olivaceous material.
Spores [BEE31]: 7 - 9 × 4 - 5 µm; est. Q’ = 1.8.
Spores [GIL41]: [7/1/1] 8.0 - 9.6 × 4.1 - 5.6 µm, (Q = 1.68 - 2.29; Q = 1.89).

strophiolata Beeli var. strophiolata [BEE27] [GIL41] [BerBoi66] [ B ] (Cameroon, Congo*.)  Dirty white species, with no bulb at stipe base; cap is often very thin, umbonate, and can become markedly striate; annulus is small, thin, membranous, persistent, concolorous, sometimes infundibuliform. According to [GIL41] the spores have slightly thickened walls, and some have numerous hyaline striations spiraling around them. RET found some such spores on Arora 00-402, but they don’t appear to be Amanita spores; something else appears unusual—Gilbert’s measurements of spores of Beeli types are usually larger than Beeli’s measurements from the same material, but not in this case. Review this type is needed.
Spores [BEE27]: 10 - 11 × 6 - 7 µm; est. Q’ = 1.6.
Spores of type [GIL41]: [5/1/1] 8.8- 10.5 × 5.2 - 6.3 µm, (L = 9.8 µm; W = 5.6 µm; Q = (1.40-) 1.57 - 1.91; Q = 1.75).

strophiolata var. bingensis Beeli [BEE31] [GIL41] [ B ] (Congo*.)  Gilbert [GIL41] believed this variety to be contaxic with the type variety (above). Goossens’ watercolor shows a thin, sheathing volva in cross-section—possibly thinner than that in the type variety. According to the protologue, this var. differs by having a yellowish white cap with a pale ochraceous center that is not always umbonate, a dependent annulus (contradicting Goossens watercolor of the same(?) collection), and smaller spores (disproved by [GIL41]).
Spores [BEE31]: 7 - 9 × 4 - 5.5 µm; est. Q’ = 1.7.
Spores of original material [GIL41]: [5/1/1] (8.5-) 9.3 - 10.3 × 5.5 - 6.5 (-7.0) µm, (L = 9.7 µm; W = 6.1 µm; Q = (1.21-) 1.51 - 1.69; Q = 1.61).

subviscosa Beeli [BEE31] [BUY94] [GIL41] [PSS97] [ B ] (Burundi, Congo*, Zambia.)  Margin of cap becoming distinctly striate; volval sac thick on totally elongating stipe; flocculence on upper stipe; exannulate or soon becoming so.
Spores [BEE31]: 6 - 7 × 3 - 3.5 µm; est. Q’ = 2.0.
Spores of type [GIL41]: [8/1/1] 7.3 - 9.9 × 3.3 - 4.2 µm, (Q = 1.98 - 2.48; Q = 1.19).

subviscosa sensu Pegler & Shah-Sm. [PSS97] [ B ] (Zambia.)  Note: scaled drawing in [PSS97] is half the size of the cap measurements given in the text. Probably not correctly determined as A. subviscosa Beeli.
Spores [PSS97]: 9.5 - 12 × 5 - 6 µm, (L = 10.7 ± 0.9 µm; W = 5.7 ± 0.32 µm; Q = 1.89).

[ top of current section -- Amidella ]

Section Lepidella -- Margin of pileus appendiculate, usually not striate. When a limbate volva is present, it is usually rather thin. [ top ] [ full site list for sect. Lepidella ]

• afrospinosa Pegler & Shah-Sm. [PSS97] [ B ] (Zambia*, Zimbabwe.)  Amanita subsect. Solitariae, stirps Polypyramis?.  Apparently, this species is liable to parasitization resulting in the context taking on a yellowing reaction to cutting or bruising that the species ordinarily does not have.
Spores [PSS97]: 8 - 9 × 4 - 5 µm, (L’ = 8.35±0.8 µm; W’ = 4.7±0.33 µm; Q’ = 1.76).
Spores [from D. Arora’s mat’l.]: [100/5/2] (6.5-) 7.4 - 9.3 (-11.0) × (4.4-) 4.5 - 5.9 (-7.0) µm, (L = 7.6 - 9.1; L’ = 8.4 µm; W = 5.1 - 5.4 µm; W’ = 5.2 µm; Q = (1.29-) 1.42 - 1.86 (-2.04); Q = 1.46 - 1.78; Q’ = 1.62).

amanitoides (Beeli) Bas [BEE32] [BAS69] [ B ] (Congo*, Zambia?.)  Amanita subsect. Solitariae, stirps Longipes. Pileus dingy whitish with yellowish stains.
Spores [BAS69]: (8.5-) 9 - 11 (-12) × 4.5 - 6 µm; Q = 1.9 - 1.95.

aureofloccosa Bas [BAS69] [CB62] [Kew6] [ B ] (Congo*, Tanzania, "common in West Africa.")  Amanita subsect. Vittadiniae, stirps Thiersii.
Spores [BAS69]: (6-) 7 - 8.5 (-9) × (6-) 6.5 - 8.5 µm; Q =1.0 - 1.1; est. Q’ = 1.05.

• crassiconus Bas nom. prov. [BAS69] [ B ] (Nigeria, Zambia.)  Amanita subsect. Solitariae, stirps Crassiconus. Pileus and universal veil gray, somewhat reminiscent of A. magniverrucata Thiers & Ammirati in that the universal veil remains attached to the pileus context by hyphae that do not gelatinize. There is no distinct pileipellis. Tissue of the universal veil has plentiful hyphae and is disordered. Basidia commonly have small clamps.
Spores [BAS69]: (7-) 8 - 10 (-10.5) × 6.5 - 7.5 (-8) µm; Q = 1.1 - 1.5; Q’ = 1.3.
Spores [from D. Arora’s mat’l.]: [100/5/4] (7.2-) 8.5 - 10.8 (-16.8) × (5.9-) 6.5 - 8.0 (-11.5) µm, (L = 9.0 - 9.8 µm; L’ = 9.4 µm; W = 7.1 - 7.4 µm; W’ = 7.3 µm; Q = (1.13-) 1.19 - 1.43 (-1.46); Q = 1.25 - 1.35; Q’ = 1.30).

• foetidissima D. A. Reid & Eicker [MycRes:91] [PSS97] [ B ] (South Africa*, Zambia.)  Amanita subsect. Vittadiniae, stirps Nauseosa. This species is very similar to A. nauseosa (Wakef.) D. A. Reid.
Spores [MycRes:91]: 7.0 -10.0 × 6.0 - 8.0 µm; est. Q’ = 1.30.
Spores [from paratype mat’l.]: [10/1/1] (8.3-) 9.0 - 10.6 (-11.5) × 7.0 - 8.5 (-9.0) µm, (L = 10.0 µm; L’ = 10.0 µm; W = 7.7 µm; W’ = 7.7 µm; Q = 1.22 - 1.38 (-1.53); Q = 1.29; Q’ = 1.29).

labordei Bouriquet [BOU42] [ B ] (Malagasay*.)  Poorly understood species found only in Eucalyptus plantations, possibly infected by the "yellowing syndrome." 
Spores [BOU42]: 9 - 12.5 × 5.5 - 7 µm, with approx. Q’ = 1.7.

• lanosa Beeli [BAS69] [BEE31] [BUY94] [ B ] (Burundi, Congo*, Zambia.)  Amanita subsection Solitariae, stirps Chlorinosma. D. Arora’s material is immature, but can be determined via [BAS69].
Spores [BAS69]: 7 - 8 (-9) × 7 - 8 (-9) µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.05 (-1.15); est. Q’ = 1.02.

lanosula Bas [BAS69] [ B ] (Congo*.)  Amanita subsect. Solitariae, stirps Chlorinosma.
Spores [BAS69]: 8 - 10 × 5.5 - 6.5 µm; Q = 1.5 - 1.6.

miomboensis Pegler & Shah-Sm. [PSS97] [ B ] (Zambia*.)  Amanita subsect. Solitariae, stirps ?.
Spores [PSS97]: 8.5 - 10 × 5.5 - 6.5 µm, (L’ = 9.3±0.5 µm; W’ = 6.3±0.3 µm; Q’ = 1.49).

• odorata Beeli [BAS69] [BEE31] [BUY94] [ B ] (Burundi, Congo*, Zambia.) Amanita subsect. Solitariae, stirps Cinereoconia. Pileus bears bluish green to greenish to greenish or olivaceous gray, powdery volva forming pyramidal warts over disc; almond odor is exuded when stipe is cut or broken.
Spores [BAS69]: 8 - 13 (-15) × 4.5 - 5.5 (-6.5) µm; Q = 1.85 - 2.4.
Spores [from D. Arora’s mat’l.]: [100/5/3] (8.3-) 9.1 - 12.0 (-12.4)) × (4.0-) 4.4 - 5.1 (-5.5) µm, (L = 9.6 - 11.1 µm; L’ = 10.3 µm; W = 4.7 - 4.9 µm; W’ = 4.8 µm; Q = (1.70-) 1.86 - 2.49 (-2.76); Q = 1.95 - 2.35; Q’ = 2.17).)

pleropus (Kalchbr. & MacOwan) D. A. Reid [REI75] [MycRes:91] [ReiEic96] [PSS97] [ B ] (South Africa*, Zambia.)  Amanita subsect. Vittadiniae, stirps Vittadinii.
Spores [MycRes:91]: 10.0 - 14.0 × 7.0 - 9.5 µm, (est. Q’ = 1.50).
Spores from gills [ReiEic96]: 9.0 - 11.5 × 6.2 - 8.0 µm, (est. Q’ = 1.45).
Spores from print [ReiEic96]: 10.0 - 12.0 (-13.0) × 7.5 - 9.0 (-11.0) µm, (est. Q’ = 1.35).

praeclara (Pearson) Bas [BAS69] [MycRes:91] [PSS97] [ B ] (South Africa*, Zambia.)  Amanita subsect. Vittadiniae, stirps Thiersii. Context stains lemon yellow to sulfur yellow; reaction paler on pileus surface.
Spores [BAS69]: 8 - 9.5 (-10) × 8 - 9 (-10) µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.05; est. Q’ = 1.02.

• pulverulenta Beeli [BAS69] [BUY94] [RYV94] [ B ] (Burundi, Congo*, Zambia.)  Amanita subsect. Solitariae, stirps Polypyramis. Bas maintained that this name was a posterior taxonomic synonym of A. boudieri. As a consequence, central African material has been reported under the latter name. Arora’s material shows the membranous annulus reported for A. pulverulenta and microscopically is a very good match to Bas’ information about the type of A. pulverulenta (BR). 
Spores from type and "co-type" material of A. pulverulenta [BAS69]: [20/2/2] (10-) 10.5 - 12 (-13.5) × (4.5-) 5 - 6.5 µm; Q = 1.8 - 2.2 (-2.7); Q' = 2.1.
Spores [from D. Arora’s mat’l.]: [50/1/1] (9.0-) 10.0 - 12.3 (-12.7) × (5.5-) 5.6 - 7.0 (-7.4) µm, (L = 10.9 µm; L’ = 10.9 µm; W = 6.2 µm; W’ = 6.2 µm; Q = (1.62-) 1.64 - 1.90 (-1.96); Q = 1.76; Q’ = 1.76).

robusta Bouriquet var. robusta [BOU41] [BAS69] [ B ] (Malagasay*.)  non A. robusta Beeli. Amanita subsect. Solitariae, stirps ?. Poisonous to dogs.
Spores [BOU41]: 8.5 - 11.5 × 5 - 7 µm, est. Q’ = 1.65.

robusta var. spinosa Bouriquet [BOU41] [BAS69] [ B ] (Malagasay*.) Amanita subsect. Solitariae, stirps ?. Bas felt that this would be a distinct sp. from robusta Bouriquet. Poisonous to dogs.
Spores: ?.

roseolescens (Pearson) Bas [BAS69] [MycRes:91] [ B ] (South Africa*.) Amanita subsect. Vittadiniae, stirps Nauseosa.
Spores [BAS69]: 9 - 11 (-12) × 8 - 10 (-10.5) µm; Q = 1.15.

• singeri Bas [BEL82??] [ B ] (South Africa.) Amanita subsect. Vittadiniae, stirps Vittadinii.
Spores [southern European and S. American mat’l.]: [178/10/7] (6.0-) 7.5 - 11.0 (-15.4) × (4.5-) 4.9 - 7.5 (-9.5) µm, (L = (7.1-) 7.6 - 10.0 µm; L’ = 9.1 µm; W = (4.9-) 5.6 - 7.2 µm; W’ = 6.6 µm; Q = (1.12-) 1.21 - 1.60 (-2.0); Q = 1.23 - 1.42 (-1.60); Q’ = 1.39).

solitaria (Bull.:Fr.) Mérat [BAS69] [RAW93] [ B ] (South Africa.)  =echinocephala (Vitt.) Quél.  Amanita subsect. Solitariae, stirps Solitaria.  Probably this name is used in South Africa to represent one or more taxa which are not the European species.
Spores [BAS69]: 9.0 - 12.0 (-14.5) × 6.0 - 8.0 (-11.5) µm; Q = 1.3 - 1.75.

strobiliformis (Paul. ex Vitt.) Bertillon sensu auct. [BAS69] [BER80] [RAW93] [RYV94] [ B ] (Algeria, Morocco, South Africa.) Amanita subsect. Solitariae, stirps Strobiliformis.  Probably this name is used in South Africa to represent one or more taxa which are not the European species.
Spores [BAS69]: 10 - 13.5 (-14.5) × 7 - 8.5 (-9.5) µm; Q = 1.4 - 1.6.

veldiei D. A. Reid & Eicker [MycRes:91] [ B ] (South Africa*.) Amanita subsect. Vittadiniae, stirps Hesleri?.
Spores [MycRes:91]: 12.0 - 15.0 × 7.0 - 8.0 µm; est. Q’ = 1.80.

[ top of current section -- Lepidella ]

Section Phalloideae (Pileus margin not appendiculate. Stipe having bulbous base with limbate volva.) [ top ] [ full site list for sect. Phalloideae ]

alliiodora Pat. [GIL41] [PFI80] [ B ] (Malagasay*.)
Spores of type [GIL41]: [2/1/1] 8.5 - 9.6 × 7.8 - 8.7 µm, (Q = 1.06 - 1.13; Q = 1.09).

• marmorata Cleland & E. J. Gilbert [GIL41] [REI80] [EGR93] [MHW96] [ B ] (Australia*, S. Africa, USA (Hawaii))  =A. marmorata subsp. myrtacearum O. K. Mill. et al. =A. reidii Eicker & Greuning in Eicker, Greuning & D. A. Reid. Probably introduced from Australia.
Spores (REI80): 7.0 - 9.5 × 5.0 - 7.5 (-8.0) µm; est. Q’ = 1.2 - 1.4.
Spores [EGR93]: 7.0 - 10.0 × 6.0 - 9.0 µm; est. Q’ = 1.14 - 1.31.
Spores: [80/4/1] (6.8-) 7.5 - 10.0 (-11.8) × (5.8-) 6.2 - 8.0 (-9.5) µm, (L = 8.1 - 9.1 µm; L’ = 8.6 µm; W = 6.8 - 7.2 µm; W’ = 7.0 µm; Q = (1.06-) 1.11 - 1.40 (-1.67); Q = 1.17 - 1.29; Q’ = 1.22).


murinacea Pat. [GIL41] [PFI80] [ B ] (Malagasay*.)
Spores of type [GIL41]: [2/1/1] 8.0 - 8.1 × 6.9 - 7.3 µm, (Q = 1.10 - 1.17; Q = 1.14).

• phalloides (Fr.:Fr.) Link [BER65] [Kew6] [MycRes:91] [ B ] (Malagasay, Morocco, South Africa ("introduced"), Tanzania ("introduced"), Zambia ("might be introduced").)  At least some of the South African material is not contaxic with the European species.  At least some South African material determined as A. phalloides is A. marmorata.
Spores [from European, American, and Malagasay mat’l.]: [296/15/14] (7.5-) 8.0 - 10.1 (-13.5) × (5.5-) 6.1 - 8.0 (-10.5) µm, (L = 8.3 - 9.3 (-9.5) µm; L’ = 8.9 µm; W = (6.4-) 6.8 - 7.4 µm; W’ = 7.1 µm; Q = (1.03-) 1.12 - 1.47 (-1.70); Q = 1.20 - 1.33 (-1.40); Q’ = 1.26).


thejoleuca Pat. [GIL41] [PFI80] [ B ] (Malagasay*.)
Spores of type [GIL41] (none correctly oriented): 8.6 - 10.3 × 7.7 - 10.3 µm.

[ top of current section -- Phalloideae ]

Section Validae -- Pileus margin not appendiculate. Stipe with bulbous base, never having saccate volva, sometimes with subabrupt bulb having fragments of limbate volva.) [ top ]  [ full site list for sect. Validae ]

echinulata Beeli [BEE27] [BAS69] [ B ] (Congo*.) 
Spores [BEE27]: 5.5 - 6.5 × 4.5 - 5.5 µm; est. Q’ = 1.20) 
Spores [GIL41]: [3/?/?] 5.3 - 5.7 × 5.0 - 5.2 µm; Q = 1.04 - 1.10; Q’ =1.07.

• excelsa (Fr.) Bertillon in Dechambre [BER65] [MycRes:91] [RYV94] [ B ] (Morocco, South Africa ("introduced" per [MycRes:91], but doesn’t appear to RET to be the European sp.), Zambia, Zimbabwe ("introduced").)  At least some S. African mat’l. is not contaxic with the European species.
Spores [from European mat’l.]: [40/2/1] (7.0-) 7.5 - 10.5 (-13.5) × (5.3-) 5.8 - 7.5 (-8.6) µm, (L = 8.3 - 9.4 µm; L’ = 8.9 µm; W = 6.2 - 6.9 µm; W’ = 6.6 µm; Q = (1.23-) 1.24 - 1.52 (-1.57); Q = 1.34 - 1.36; Q’ = 1.35).
Spores [from S. African mat’l.]: ?.

• fuliginosa Beeli [BEE27] [BEE35] [BAS69] [ B ] (Congo*, Zambia.)  This taxon is quite extraordinary for its combination of a striate-sulcate pileus margin and amyloid spores. Bas argues that the species belongs in section Validae [BAS69]. The new material is obviously better preserved than the type and may help with the questions of classification. A gray farinose, exannulate stipe is unusual in section Validae. 
Spores [BEE27]: (7-) 7.5 - 9 × 7 - 8.5 µm; est. Q’ = 1.06.
Spores [GIL41] (only one spore correctly oriented): (8.5-) 9.4 (-10) × (7.5-) 7.7 (-9) µm; Q = 1.22.
Spores [from D. Arora’s mat’l.]: [20/1/1] (8.2-) 8.4 - 11.5 (-13.5) × 7.4 - 10.5 (-11.5) µm, (L = 10.0 µm; W = 8.8 µm; Q = (1.05-) 1.06 - 1.19 (-1.23); Q = 1.13).

• rubescens Pers.:Fr. var. rubescens [BER65] [MycRes:91] [RAW93] [RYV94] [PSS97]  [ B ] (Europe*, Malawi?, Morocco, South Africa (introduced), Zambia?.)  May have been introduced in some regions, but there may also be confusing indigenous taxa that are rubescent; e.g., see [PSS97], which apparently misdetermines the following var.  
Spores [European mat’l.]: [290/12/7] (7.0-) 8.0 - 10.6 (-12.5) × (5.2-) 5.5 - 7.0 (-8.0) µm, (L = 8.4 - 8.6 (-10.1) µm; L’ = 9.2 µm; W = 6.0 - 6.6 (-6.7) µm; W’ = 6.3 µm; Q = (1.20-) 1.31 - 1.67 (-1.87); Q = 1.37 - 1.56 (-1.58); Q’ = 1.48).
Spores [S. Africa, poorly dried mat’l.]: [60/4/4] (7.0-) 7.2 - 10.0 (-13.5) × (5.0-) 5.4 - 8.0 (-9.0) µm, (L = 7.9 - 8.5 µm; L’ = 8.4 µm; W = 5.7 - 6.6 µm; W’ = 6.3 µm; Q = (1.11-) 1.21 - 1.53 (-2.11); Q = 1.29 - 1.39; Q’ = 1.35).

• rubescens var. congolensis Beeli [BEE35] [GIL41] [BUY94] [ B ] (Burundi, Congo*, Zambia, Zimbabwe.)  Pileus and stipe staining brownish red; pileus white at first; warts on pileus pyramidal, becoming dark brown to black; annulus margin becoming dark brown to black.
Spores [BEE35], protologue: 6 × 4.5 µm; est. Q’ = 1.35.
Spores [GIL41]: [6/1/1] 7.7 - 9.8 × 5.5 - 6.5 µm, (L = 8.6 µm; W = 5.9 µm; Q = 1.45).
Spores [from D. Arora’s mat’l.]: [120/6/5] (6.3-) 7.1 - 10.5 (-11.8) × (4.3-) 4.6 - 6.0 (-6.9) µm, (L = 7.5 - 9.5 µm; L’ = 8.6 µm; W = 5.0 - 5.6 µm; W’ = 5.3 µm; Q = (1.28-) 1.36 - 1.92 (-2.36); Q = 1.44 - 1.81; Q’ = 1.65).



virella E. J. Gilbert ex Singer [BEE31] [GIL41] [SIN51] [BAS69] [ B ] (Congo*.) (=virescens Beeli non virescens Pers.
Spores [BEE31]: 9 - 11 × 6.5 - 8 µm; est. Q’ = 1.38
Spores of type [from drawings in GIL41]: [6/1/1] 9.1 - 11.4 × 6 - 8 µm, (Q = 1.21 - 1.52; Q = 1.39).

[ top of current section -- Validae]

Excluded taxa, poorly known taxa, and taxa not yet categorized to section.  
[ top ]

calabarica Massee [MAS10] [GIL41a] [ B ] (Nigeria*.) (Spores: 7 × 5 µm, with est. Q’ = 1.4)

capensis Pearson & Stephens nom. inval. & dub. [SK53] [RYV94] (South Africa.) (D. A. Reid & Eicker consider Stephens’ collection to be pale specimens of A. phalloides; they did not find exsiccata. Ryvarden et al. illustrate this entity under A. phalloides. It is possible that it was A. marmorata.)

chevalleri Hariot & Pat. [PFI80] [ B ] (Malagasay?.) (??)

heinemanniana Walleyn & Verbeken [WallVerb98] [ B ] (Burundi*, Congo.) (?Article could not be found in library recently. Spores: ?.)

praetoriae (Fr.) Gillet nom. dub. [MycRes:91] [ B ] (South Africa.)  Reid and Eicker feel that discovery of new material should cause the publication of a new name due to the confusion over this species in the literature. N.B.: Originally described from North America.

BIBLIOGRAPHY [ top ] [ site level bibliography ]

...INCOMPLETE...

[BAS69] Bas, C. 1969. Morphology and subdivision of Amanita and a monograph of its section Lepidella. Persoonia 5(4): 285-579.

[BAS82] Bas, C. 1982. Studies in Amanita--II. Persoonia 11(4): 429-442.

[BEE27] Beeli, M. 1927. Contribution à l’étude de la flore mycologique du Congo. II. Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 59: 101-112.

[BEE31] Beeli, M. 1931. Contribution à l’étude de la flore mycologique du Congo. Fungi Goossensiani. VIII. Genre Amanita Fr. Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 63: 101-109, pl. 7-9.

[BEE32] Beeli, M. 1932. Contribution à l’étude de la flore mycologique du Congo. Fungi Goossensiani IX. Genre Lepiota ??. Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 64: 206-222, pl. ??.

[BEE35] Beeli, M. 1935. Flore iconographique des champignons du Congo. (J. Lebègue, Brussels). 27 pp., 4 pl.

[BEE36] Beeli, M. 1936. Contribution à l’étude de la flore mycologique du Congo. XI. Fungi Goossensiani XII. Bull. Jard. Bot. État 14: 83-91, pl. 2-3.

[BEL82] Bellú, F. 1982. Amanita singeri Bas in Sardegna. Boll. Gruppo Micol. G. Bresadola 25(1/2): 15-19.

[BER64] Bertault, R. 1964 [1965]. Amanites du Maroc. Bull. Trimestriel Soc. Mycol. France 80(3): 364-384.

[BER65] Bertault, R. 1965. Amanites du Maroc (2e contribution). Bull. Trimestriel Soc. Mycol. France 81: 345-371.

[BER80] Bertault, R. 1980. Amanites du Maroc (3e contribution). Bull. Trimestriel Soc. Mycol. France 96(3): 271-287.

[BerBoi66] Berthet, P. and J. Boidin. 1966. Observations sur quelques hyménomycètes récoltés en Republique Camerounaise. Cah. Maboké 4(1): 27-54.

[BOU41] Bouriquet, M. G. 1941. Quelques macromycètes de Madagascar. Bull. Acad. Malgache 24: 61-64.

[BOU42] Bouriquet, M. G. 1942-43. Notes de mycologie malgache. Bull. Acad. Malgache 25: 12-14, planches.

[BUY94] Buyck, B. 1994. Ubwoba: Les champignons comestibles de l’ouest du Burundi. (Admin. Gén. Cooperation au Developpement, Bruxelles). [ii]+123 pp.

[CHI85] Chipompha, N. W. S. 1985. Some mushrooms of Malawi. Forestry Research Institute of Malawi Record 63: 54 pp. [n.v.]

[CB62] Corner, E. J. H. and C. Bas. 1962. The genus Amanita in Singapore and Malaya. Persoonia. 2(3): 241-304.

[EGR93] Eicker, A., J. V. van Greuning and D. A. Reid. 1993. Amanita reidii—a new species from South Africa. Mycotaxon 47: 433-437.

[FOL49] Foley, H. 1949. Une amanite nord-africaine nouvelle Amanita mairei Foley, n. sp. Travaux botaniques dédiés à René Maire. Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N., Hors Sér. 2: 117-120 + pl. IV.

[FOL51] Foley, H. 1951. Quelques observations nouvelles sur Amanita Mairei nob. Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Afrique N. 42: 49-50.

[GAL00] Foley, H. 2000. Due Amanita poco frequenti: Amanita gemmata fo. amici e Amanita lepiotoides. Boll. Gruppo Micol. G. Bresadola 43(2): 97-104.

[GIL41] Gilbert, E. J. 1940-41. Amanitaceae. Iconogr. Mycol. (Milan) 27, suppl. 1(1-3). xx + 427 pp. + pl.

[GIL41a] Gilbert, E. J. 1941. Notules sur les amanites. (Libraire E. Le François, Paris, 23 pp. + 1 pl.

[GOR88] Gorter, G. M. J. A. and A. Eicker. 1988. Gewone Afrikaanse en Engelse name vir die meer algemene Suid-Afrikaanse sampioene en andere makroswamme. S. Afr. Tydsk. Natuurw. & Tegn. 7: 55-64. [n.v.]

[DEG91] De Greef, J. F. Mallaisse, J. Rammeloo and J. Baudart. 1991. Edible mushrooms of the Zambesian woodland area: a nutritional and ecological approach. Proc. XIIIth AETFAT Congr., (Malawi, 2-11 April). [n.v.]

[HAR92] Härkönen, M. 1992. Wild mushrooms, a delicacy in Tanzania. Universitas Helsingiensis 1992(2): 29-31. [n.v.]

[HSM94] Härkönen, M, T. Saarimäki, L. Mwasumbi. 1994. Tanzanian mushrooms and their uses 4. Some reddish edible and poisonous Amanita species. Karstenia 34: 47-60.

[HEIM36] Heim, R. 1936 Aperçu sur les champignons toziques et comestibles des Colonies françaises. in Curasson, G. Pathol. Exotique Vetérin. Comparée 3: 1-31.

[HEIM40] Heim, R. 1940. Une amanite moretelle de l’Afrique tropicale. Rev. Mycol. 5: 22-28.

[LL93] Lavin, M. and M. Luckow. 1993. ?. Am. J. Bot 80: 1-14. [Relation of vascular plants of Africa closer to those of North and Central America than to those of South America.] [n.v.]

[LBR85] Levin, M., M. Branch, S. Rappaport and D. Mitchell. 1985. A field guide to the mushrooms of South Africa. Cape Town, Struik Publishers. 168 pp. [n.v.]

[MT83] Merlo, E. G. and M. Traverso. 1983. Le Amanite. (Sagep Editrice, Genoa). 151 pp.

[MCA00] Migliozzi, V. and M. Camboni. 2000. Amanita eliae ed Amanita eliae var. griseovelata stat. nov.: descriione i raccolte laziali. Boll. Gruppo Micol. G. Bresadola 43(2): 125-134.

[MOR84] Morris, B. 1984. Macrofungi of Malawi. Some ethonobotanical notes. Bull. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 18: 48-57. [n.v.]

[MOR86] Morris, B. 1986. Notes on the genus Termitomyces Heim in Malawi. Soc. Malawi J. 39: 40-49. [n.v.]

[MOR87] Morris, B. 1987. Common mushrooms of Malawi. (Fungiflora, Oslo). vi + 108 pp., pl.

[MOR90] Morris, B. 1990. An annotated check-list of the macrofungi of Malawi. Kirkia 13: 323-364. [n.v.]

[PRT77] Parent, G. and D. Thoen. 1977. Food value of edible mushrooms from Upper-Shaba region. Econ. Bot. 31: 436-445.

[Kew6] Pegler, D. N. 1978. A preliminary agaric flora of east Africa. Kew Bull. Addit. Ser. VI. 615 pp.

[PP80] Pegler, D. N. and G. D. Piearce. 1980. The edible mushrooms of Zambia. Kew Bull. 35(3): 475-491.

[PSS97] Pegler, D. N. and D. Shah-Smith. 1997. The genus Amanita (Amanitaceae, Agaricales) in Zambia. Mycotaxon 61: 389-417.

[PFI80] Pfister, D. H. 1980. Additions and corrections to the annotated index to fungi described by N. Patouillard. Mycotaxon 11: 435-442.

[PCP93] Poinar, H. N., R. J. Cano and G. O. Poinar, Jr. 1993. Nature 363: 677. [Relation of vascular plants of Africa closer to those of North and Central America than to those of South America.]

[RAW93] Rammeloo, J. and R. Walleyn. 1993. The edible fungi of Africa south of the Sahara. Scripta Bot. Belg. 5: 1-62.

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Last changed 14 Septeimber 2007.
Page maintained by R. E. Tulloss.
Copyright 2006, 2007 by R. E. Tulloss and L. Possiel.
Copyright notices for images appear on pages with brief descriptions of species depicted.